Bibliography

(Gower, 1999) (Hussin, 2007) (Ismali, 2005) (Man, 2000) (Reed, Powerhouse of the Uranium Enrichment Industry Seeks an Exit, 2013) (Smith, 2009) (Watson.W.A & Anderson.L.J, 1999)

Gower, C. (1999). Direction in conservation biology. Jounal of animal ecology(3), 215-244.

Hussin, R. (2007). Pelancongan global dan kepentingan teknologi. Pemikir, 2(2), 189-207.

Ismali, R. (2005, 10). Desktop Publishing in Information Mareketing. PC Magazine, pp. 21-23.

Man, E. V. (2000). Computer viruses. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Reed, S. (2013, 5 27). Powerhouse of the Uranium Enrichment Industry Seeks an Exit. Retrieved 5 28, 2013, from http://dealbook.nytimes.com: http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/05/27/ powerhouse -of-the-uranium-enrichment-industry-seeks-an-exit/?ref=business

Sakiam, S. (2009, 4 1-15). Living up to its names. Times, pp. 21-23.

Smith, R. (2009, July 17). The Environmental Problem the world is loath to address. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from http://articles.baltimoresun.com: http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2009-07-17/news/0907160033_1_population-growth-sustainable-population-slow-population

Watson.W.A & Anderson.L.J. (1999). Sociology 2000. Boston.

Topic One (Information Technology)

This is the first week of Introduction to Information Technology class where first day we introduce our self and our lecture told us about Course Outline, Assessment and lecture’s information. So in this week I learned about the difference between data and information, and problems associated with information management but before this we go through the following topic like what is computer? Types of computer, Generation of computer so on. In my view Computer is collection of devices that function as a unit. It’s an electrical device which is provided faster methods of communication. Computer has played a significant role in the communication system today. The most basic collection includes a computer CPU (Central processing Unit), a mouse, a keyboard, and a monitor.

The basic operations of computer:

Computers perform basic types of operations: Input, Output, Processing, Storage, these four operations characterize everything that computers do.

Input: Computer input is whatever is typed, submitted or transmitted to a computer system. It's the collection letters, numbers, images etc.

Output: output is the result produced by a computer. It’s including reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures.

Processing: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. it is totally internal process of the computer system.

Storage: Storage is the process of keeping information on a computer.

Similarly week one contained generation of computer.  Generation of computer is not as long as human generation as it is man-made device. Generally there are five generation of computer as mentioned under.

First Generation: first generation was used form 1940-1950, it use vacuum tube were used in this generation of computer. This generation of computer were large in size a bit noisy and its speed is very low. The storage capacity of first generation is also very low. The storage capacity of first generation is also very low. They were used for specific purpose.

Second Generation: second generation computer was made on use from 1950-1964; Vacuum tube was replaced by Transistors in second generation computer. Though it is more reliable third generation computer established in 1964-1974 and transistor was replaced by Integrated Circuit (IC).

Third Generation: The third generation computer was more faster, reliable and its storage capacity is more than first and second generation computer.

Fourth Generation: Similarly fourth generation computer is established in 1974 and it is still using process. Very large Scale Integration and Ultra Large Scale Integration are used in this generation of computer. Fourth generation of computer are more reliable and comfortable to use as it as more storage capacity, speed is higher than past generation of computer.

Fifth Generation: Last but not the list, fifth generation of computer is in the construction process, it is not completed yet. It will be much faster than past generation computer and it will use natural language.

Categories of Computers : we can categorize on basic of size, capability, speed and price. They are as under:

1. Embedded computers
2. mobile computers
3. Personal computers
4. Mid range computers
5. Super computers
6. Mainframes 
7. Hybrid computers 

   Normally all these above computer have their own purpose and they are different from each other with their unique purpose. Embedded computers is use for specific purpose. Example CCTV, traffic light etc. Mobile computers are used for computing and internet purpose. Example your self phone. Personal computer is our desktop which is used for our private purpose. More over Mid range  computer used for hosting data and programs available to small group of users. Mainframe computer are used for the large company or large industries. Mainframe computer are so large in  size they required large number of users to operate them. Super computer, this computer are used for scientific and research purpose they are the fastest computer. The good example of this computer are those computer used far and to fly rocket in the sky etc. lastly hybrid computers which is combination of computers that are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. For example webcam, telephone, mobile etc. 

Week one further contains about difference between data and information.where I realized that data is raw facts and its normally stored in a database or a file it can be something simple and apparently random and useless until it is organized. For example each student’s test score is one piece of data.  But information is when data is proceed  organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called information. for example The class' average score or the school's average score is the information that can be concluded from the given data.

      

Week Ten

Finally we came to end of the trimester, so in week ten I learnt about introduction about synthesis, summarizing vs. synthesizing. Synthesis is combining two or more summaries, it refers to writing about printed texts, drawing together particular themes. Synthesis exactly reports information the sources using different phrases and sentences; it is organized in such way that readers can immediately see where the information from the sources cover and synthesis make sense of the sources and helps the reader understand them in greater deepness. 

Summarizing vs. Synthesizing

Summarizing is a basic reading technique where we identify the key points and organizing the thoughts, a listing of the parts. We shows what the original authors wrote and proves an understanding of the overall meaning. And summarizing usually comes at the end. 

Synthesizing is advanced reading technique where we pull information, highlight the important points and we also draw our own conclusions. In synthesizing we Combines and compares information from different sources then we create something new pieces of writing and focuses on both main ideas and details.

Week Nine

On week nine i learnt about evaluation of internet sources,in today's world growth of the internet give us opportunity to find data and information to all over the world. Companies, organizations  educational insinuations, community and individual people all serve as information through the internet. But sometimes internet doesn't provide the accurate information so when evaluate the internet resources to judge the quality or appropriateness of information for a particular query or user. Therefore user evaluate the internet sources. Here are some of the criteria for evaluating sources. It should be evaluated on the basis of the following broad levels of analysis:

Purpose

what are the author's or producer's goals and intention?

How they inform or explain their users?

Does the site promote of product?

Scope

Is the information most complete available? is it extensive?

What subject area, time period, formats or types of material all are covered?

Authority refers to the author or other source of the information.

Is the author's name available?

What is the author's training, education, experience in the field?

Can the author be conductance for clarification or to be informed of new information?

Audience

Who are the intended users of this resource?

Will the resource satisfy users need?

Information content - its all about the currency - how old is this information?, Accuracy refer to overall excellence of the information.Is the information logical, well-organized and supported by evidence?Is a subject specialist available who could advise as to the accuracy of information content? and uniqueness - is the resource original, or has it been derived from other sources?

In design and layout organization  navigability, style & functionality and color are included. And in access /work ability user friendless, site search engine, required computer environment, brows-ability  software reliability, language etc are included.

Week Eight

Week eight was all about the Summarizing, Paraphrasing and Quoting.

PARAPHRASING: paraphrasing is a passage borrowed from a source and rewritten in our own words. It should be true the original authors idea which is more focused on part of the source and condense it slightly.And if we follow the steps like read the martial several times, try to rewriting the material in your own words without looking at the original source then it will be benefits for us. such as it helps to avoid cases of plagiarism and it looks like an industrious enthusiastic student who choose to spend hours researching. when you do the paraphrase yo have to cite the sources which is authorized a reader to locate the passage to which you are referring as well as to pull their own conclusions.

QUOTING: Where we have to repeat a passage from a author or statement by someone. For short quotations we use quotation mark but if our quotation has more than forty words we don't use the quotation mark. Use quotes when the author's words are so accurately stated that they cannot be paraphrased.

SUMMARIZING: is to give brief statement of the main points. when we do the summarizing of about something we must use in our words and it must be attributed to the original source. Summarizing helps us to remember the big idea of the what you are reading in text and you will be able to pick out the important idea.

WEEK SEVEN

After one week holiday, we start our lesson about introduction to citation and citation & documenting information sources so in this week i get opportunity to know how to do citation with APA style and why we use it and rule of APA style.Citation is the way of telling the readers about the sources which you utilized in that particular work and its included the title of author name, name of publisher, the date of publishing etc. citation have different-different style such as APA, MLA,ASA,ACS etc but the most common style is APA style.  

American Physiological Association(APA) style its established on 1928 by social science professionals which is help us to express the key factors of quantitative results and described the individuals with accuracy and respect.And Its used for term papers,research papers, empirical studies, literature reviews, theoretical articles, methodology, case study. 

APA style has some rules like rules for author,rules for title, rules for documentation. which we have to follow when we do the citation. 

WEEK 6

In this week also we learnt about search strategies Truncation,Wildcards and Phrase Searching.  

Truncation is a broadens searches which is provide us with further flexibility in searching. Its allows the computer to search for multiple forms of word and we use truncation symbol at the end of the stalk for example: music*- musical, musician, musicians, musicality, music's.

Wildcard allows us to increase the broadness of a search by using the symbols question mark (?)  and asterisk(*) to replace particular letters or order of letters.Questions mark we can use to replace a single character for example educat?? will return results for both educator and educated, and asterisk we can use to represent different character for example wh* finds what, white, and why.

 Phrase searching allows us in a database to search for particular words in a particular order  and we use quotation marks to search separate phrase it is the easiest and quickest technique.